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diff --git a/gcc/gcov.texi b/gcc/gcov.texi deleted file mode 100755 index 9c6d77d..0000000 --- a/gcc/gcov.texi +++ /dev/null @@ -1,344 +0,0 @@ -@c Copyright (C) 1996, 1997 Free Software Foundation, Inc. -@c This is part of the GCC manual. -@c For copying conditions, see the file gcc.texi. - -@node Gcov -@chapter @code{gcov}: a Test Coverage Program - -@code{gcov} is a tool you can use in conjunction with @sc{gnu} CC to -test code coverage in your programs. - -This chapter describes version 1.5 of @code{gcov}. - -@menu -* Gcov Intro:: Introduction to gcov. -* Invoking Gcov:: How to use gcov. -* Gcov and Optimization:: Using gcov with GCC optimization. -* Gcov Data Files:: The files used by gcov. -@end menu - -@node Gcov Intro -@section Introduction to @code{gcov} - -@code{gcov} is a test coverage program. Use it in concert with @sc{gnu} -CC to analyze your programs to help create more efficient, faster -running code. You can use @code{gcov} as a profiling tool to help -discover where your optimization efforts will best affect your code. You -can also use @code{gcov} along with the other profiling tool, -@code{gprof}, to assess which parts of your code use the greatest amount -of computing time. - -Profiling tools help you analyze your code's performance. Using a -profiler such as @code{gcov} or @code{gprof}, you can find out some -basic performance statistics, such as: - -@itemize @bullet -@item -how often each line of code executes - -@item -what lines of code are actually executed - -@item -how much computing time each section of code uses -@end itemize - -Once you know these things about how your code works when compiled, you -can look at each module to see which modules should be optimized. -@code{gcov} helps you determine where to work on optimization. - -Software developers also use coverage testing in concert with -testsuites, to make sure software is actually good enough for a release. -Testsuites can verify that a program works as expected; a coverage -program tests to see how much of the program is exercised by the -testsuite. Developers can then determine what kinds of test cases need -to be added to the testsuites to create both better testing and a better -final product. - -You should compile your code without optimization if you plan to use -@code{gcov} because the optimization, by combining some lines of code -into one function, may not give you as much information as you need to -look for `hot spots' where the code is using a great deal of computer -time. Likewise, because @code{gcov} accumulates statistics by line (at -the lowest resolution), it works best with a programming style that -places only one statement on each line. If you use complicated macros -that expand to loops or to other control structures, the statistics are -less helpful---they only report on the line where the macro call -appears. If your complex macros behave like functions, you can replace -them with inline functions to solve this problem. - -@code{gcov} creates a logfile called @file{@var{sourcefile}.gcov} which -indicates how many times each line of a source file @file{@var{sourcefile}.c} -has executed. You can use these logfiles along with @code{gprof} to aid -in fine-tuning the performance of your programs. @code{gprof} gives -timing information you can use along with the information you get from -@code{gcov}. - -@code{gcov} works only on code compiled with @sc{gnu} CC. It is not -compatible with any other profiling or test coverage mechanism. - -@node Invoking Gcov -@section Invoking gcov - -@smallexample -gcov [-b] [-v] [-n] [-l] [-f] [-o directory] @var{sourcefile} -@end smallexample - -@table @code -@item -b -Write branch frequencies to the output file, and write branch summary -info to the standard output. This option allows you to see how often -each branch in your program was taken. - -@item -v -Display the @code{gcov} version number (on the standard error stream). - -@item -n -Do not create the @code{gcov} output file. - -@item -l -Create long file names for included source files. For example, if the -header file @samp{x.h} contains code, and was included in the file -@samp{a.c}, then running @code{gcov} on the file @samp{a.c} will produce -an output file called @samp{a.c.x.h.gcov} instead of @samp{x.h.gcov}. -This can be useful if @samp{x.h} is included in multiple source files. - -@item -f -Output summaries for each function in addition to the file level summary. - -@item -o -The directory where the object files live. Gcov will search for @code{.bb}, -@code{.bbg}, and @code{.da} files in this directory. -@end table - -@need 3000 -When using @code{gcov}, you must first compile your program with two -special @sc{gnu} CC options: @samp{-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage}. -This tells the compiler to generate additional information needed by -gcov (basically a flow graph of the program) and also includes -additional code in the object files for generating the extra profiling -information needed by gcov. These additional files are placed in the -directory where the source code is located. - -Running the program will cause profile output to be generated. For each -source file compiled with -fprofile-arcs, an accompanying @code{.da} -file will be placed in the source directory. - -Running @code{gcov} with your program's source file names as arguments -will now produce a listing of the code along with frequency of execution -for each line. For example, if your program is called @samp{tmp.c}, this -is what you see when you use the basic @code{gcov} facility: - -@smallexample -$ gcc -fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage tmp.c -$ a.out -$ gcov tmp.c - 87.50% of 8 source lines executed in file tmp.c -Creating tmp.c.gcov. -@end smallexample - -The file @file{tmp.c.gcov} contains output from @code{gcov}. -Here is a sample: - -@smallexample - main() - @{ - 1 int i, total; - - 1 total = 0; - - 11 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) - 10 total += i; - - 1 if (total != 45) - ###### printf ("Failure\n"); - else - 1 printf ("Success\n"); - 1 @} -@end smallexample - -@need 450 -When you use the @samp{-b} option, your output looks like this: - -@smallexample -$ gcov -b tmp.c - 87.50% of 8 source lines executed in file tmp.c - 80.00% of 5 branches executed in file tmp.c - 80.00% of 5 branches taken at least once in file tmp.c - 50.00% of 2 calls executed in file tmp.c -Creating tmp.c.gcov. -@end smallexample - -Here is a sample of a resulting @file{tmp.c.gcov} file: - -@smallexample - main() - @{ - 1 int i, total; - - 1 total = 0; - - 11 for (i = 0; i < 10; i++) -branch 0 taken = 91% -branch 1 taken = 100% -branch 2 taken = 100% - 10 total += i; - - 1 if (total != 45) -branch 0 taken = 100% - ###### printf ("Failure\n"); -call 0 never executed -branch 1 never executed - else - 1 printf ("Success\n"); -call 0 returns = 100% - 1 @} -@end smallexample - -For each basic block, a line is printed after the last line of the basic -block describing the branch or call that ends the basic block. There can -be multiple branches and calls listed for a single source line if there -are multiple basic blocks that end on that line. In this case, the -branches and calls are each given a number. There is no simple way to map -these branches and calls back to source constructs. In general, though, -the lowest numbered branch or call will correspond to the leftmost construct -on the source line. - -For a branch, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage -indicating the number of times the branch was taken divided by the -number of times the branch was executed will be printed. Otherwise, the -message ``never executed'' is printed. - -For a call, if it was executed at least once, then a percentage -indicating the number of times the call returned divided by the number -of times the call was executed will be printed. This will usually be -100%, but may be less for functions call @code{exit} or @code{longjmp}, -and thus may not return everytime they are called. - -The execution counts are cumulative. If the example program were -executed again without removing the @code{.da} file, the count for the -number of times each line in the source was executed would be added to -the results of the previous run(s). This is potentially useful in -several ways. For example, it could be used to accumulate data over a -number of program runs as part of a test verification suite, or to -provide more accurate long-term information over a large number of -program runs. - -The data in the @code{.da} files is saved immediately before the program -exits. For each source file compiled with -fprofile-arcs, the profiling -code first attempts to read in an existing @code{.da} file; if the file -doesn't match the executable (differing number of basic block counts) it -will ignore the contents of the file. It then adds in the new execution -counts and finally writes the data to the file. - -@node Gcov and Optimization -@section Using @code{gcov} with GCC Optimization - -If you plan to use @code{gcov} to help optimize your code, you must -first compile your program with two special @sc{gnu} CC options: -@samp{-fprofile-arcs -ftest-coverage}. Aside from that, you can use any -other @sc{gnu} CC options; but if you want to prove that every single line -in your program was executed, you should not compile with optimization -at the same time. On some machines the optimizer can eliminate some -simple code lines by combining them with other lines. For example, code -like this: - -@smallexample -if (a != b) - c = 1; -else - c = 0; -@end smallexample - -@noindent -can be compiled into one instruction on some machines. In this case, -there is no way for @code{gcov} to calculate separate execution counts -for each line because there isn't separate code for each line. Hence -the @code{gcov} output looks like this if you compiled the program with -optimization: - -@smallexample - 100 if (a != b) - 100 c = 1; - 100 else - 100 c = 0; -@end smallexample - -The output shows that this block of code, combined by optimization, -executed 100 times. In one sense this result is correct, because there -was only one instruction representing all four of these lines. However, -the output does not indicate how many times the result was 0 and how -many times the result was 1. - -@node Gcov Data Files -@section Brief description of @code{gcov} data files - -@code{gcov} uses three files for doing profiling. The names of these -files are derived from the original @emph{source} file by substituting -the file suffix with either @code{.bb}, @code{.bbg}, or @code{.da}. All -of these files are placed in the same directory as the source file, and -contain data stored in a platform-independent method. - -The @code{.bb} and @code{.bbg} files are generated when the source file -is compiled with the @sc{gnu} CC @samp{-ftest-coverage} option. The -@code{.bb} file contains a list of source files (including headers), -functions within those files, and line numbers corresponding to each -basic block in the source file. - -The @code{.bb} file format consists of several lists of 4-byte integers -which correspond to the line numbers of each basic block in the -file. Each list is terminated by a line number of 0. A line number of -1 -is used to designate that the source file name (padded to a 4-byte -boundary and followed by another -1) follows. In addition, a line number -of -2 is used to designate that the name of a function (also padded to a -4-byte boundary and followed by a -2) follows. - -The @code{.bbg} file is used to reconstruct the program flow graph for -the source file. It contains a list of the program flow arcs (possible -branches taken from one basic block to another) for each function which, -in combination with the @code{.bb} file, enables gcov to reconstruct the -program flow. - -In the @code{.bbg} file, the format is: -@smallexample - number of basic blocks for function #0 (4-byte number) - total number of arcs for function #0 (4-byte number) - count of arcs in basic block #0 (4-byte number) - destination basic block of arc #0 (4-byte number) - flag bits (4-byte number) - destination basic block of arc #1 (4-byte number) - flag bits (4-byte number) - ... - destination basic block of arc #N (4-byte number) - flag bits (4-byte number) - count of arcs in basic block #1 (4-byte number) - destination basic block of arc #0 (4-byte number) - flag bits (4-byte number) - ... -@end smallexample - -A -1 (stored as a 4-byte number) is used to separate each function's -list of basic blocks, and to verify that the file has been read -correctly. - -The @code{.da} file is generated when a program containing object files -built with the @sc{gnu} CC @samp{-fprofile-arcs} option is executed. A -separate @code{.da} file is created for each source file compiled with -this option, and the name of the @code{.da} file is stored as an -absolute pathname in the resulting object file. This path name is -derived from the source file name by substituting a @code{.da} suffix. - -The format of the @code{.da} file is fairly simple. The first 8-byte -number is the number of counts in the file, followed by the counts -(stored as 8-byte numbers). Each count corresponds to the number of -times each arc in the program is executed. The counts are cumulative; -each time the program is executed, it attemps to combine the existing -@code{.da} files with the new counts for this invocation of the -program. It ignores the contents of any @code{.da} files whose number of -arcs doesn't correspond to the current program, and merely overwrites -them instead. - -All three of these files use the functions in @code{gcov-io.h} to store -integers; the functions in this header provide a machine-independent -mechanism for storing and retrieving data from a stream. - |